![]() Generally, unidirectional flow is protective against atherosclerosis and neointimal formation, while complex, multidirectional flow is atherogenic and turns endothelial cells to become pro-inflammatory ( Chiu and Chien, 2011). Cell-culture and animal studies have shown that different flow patterns trigger different endothelial responses. Endothelial cells respond to WSS via a variety of mechanotransduction pathways ( Davies, 1995 Chiu and Chien, 2011 Ando and Yamamoto, 2022 Tanaka et al., 2021). Among the hemodynamic factors, wall shear stress (WSS), the viscous shear applied to the endothelial cells due to blood flow, has been studied the most. Hemodynamic factors, the stress and strain induced by pulsatile blood flow at the surface and body of a blood vessel, play a crucial role in vascular health and diseases mainly by altering the structure and functions of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. These critical advances widen the use of biomechanical simulation tools in the research and potential personalized care of vascular diseases. We also discuss the recent development of combining patient-specific models with machine-learning methods to obtain hemodynamic factors faster and cheaper than conventional methods. These steps have not been standardized and thus have unavoidable uncertainties that should be thoroughly evaluated. We describe the multiple steps and recent advances in a typical patient-specific simulation pipeline, including medical imaging, image processing, spatial discretization to generate computational mesh, setting up boundary conditions and solver parameters, visualization and extraction of hemodynamic factors, and statistical analysis. In this review, we focus on methods for obtaining accurate hemodynamic factors that regulate the structure and function of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, and fluid-structure interaction simulations have been widely used to quantify detailed hemodynamic forces based on vascular images commonly obtained from computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography. Hemodynamic factors, induced by pulsatile blood flow, play a crucial role in vascular health and diseases, such as the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. 5Vascular Surgery Section, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.4Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.3Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.1Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.Recommended environment is Ubuntu or similar, with docker and docker-compose installed.Yong He 1, Hannah Northrup 2,3, Ha Le 3, Alfred K. This isįor those that wish to compile their own image and / or help in the development Regular users of FluiddPI should not need to follow any of these steps. Once this is complete, you can now progress with your standard printer setup. Please ensure your printer.cfg is configured correctly for Fluidd, see the fluidd docs here. ![]() Define your timezone via 'Localization Options'įluidd will be available at - and will present an error about a missing printer.cfg file.Default username is pi and password is raspberry. Log into your Pi via SSH (located at fluiddpi.local).Optionally, if you require WiFi, configure by editing the fluiddpi-wpa-supplicant.txt on the root of the sd card - whilst it is still connected to your computer.Download the image as per above and install on an sdcard like you would any other Raspberry pi image.You can download the latest release here. ⚠️ WARNING ⚠️įluiddPI is not under active maintenance and we’ve had reports from users finding issues while using it.Īs such, our recommendation is that you do not use FluiddPI, and instead use KIAUH to install Fluidd. This repository contains the necessary code to generate the distribution from an existing Raspberry Pi OS lite distro image. A pi image with Klipper, Moonraker and Fluidd pre-installed.
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